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-
-
- Internet Draft G. Malkin/Xylogics
- Updates RFC 1058 and RFC 1288 C. Huitema/INRIA
- June 1993
-
- SIP-RIP
-
- Abstract
-
- This document specifies a routing protocol, based on the Routing
- Information Protocol (RIP), as defined in [1,2], for the Simple
- Internet Protocol (SIP), as defined in [3].
-
- A companion document will define the SNMP MIB objects for SIP-RIP
- (TBD).
-
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working
- documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas,
- and its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute
- working documents as Internet Drafts.
-
- Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
- months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by
- other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet
- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as a "working
- draft" or "work in progress."
-
- Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet
- Draft directory to learn the current status of this or any other
- Internet Draft.
-
- It is intended that this document will be submitted to the IESG for
- consideration as a standards document. Distribution of this document
- is unlimited.
-
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- Thanks to those whose contributions to RIP-2 have been propogated
- into SIP-RIP. Special to Yakov Rekhter of IBM Research for
- suggesting the "loop control" improvement, and to J.J. Garcia-Luna-
- Aceves of UCSC for reviewing the text.
-
-
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- Malkin, Huitema Expires: 29Dec93 [Page 1]
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- Internet Draft SIP-RIP June 1993
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-
- Table of Contents
-
- 1. Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
- 2. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
- 3. Protocol Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 3.1 Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 3.2 Prefered Route Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 3.3 Loop Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 3.4 Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
- 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
- Appendicies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
- References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
-
-
- 1. Justification
-
- SIP is the Simple Internet Protocol. It stands to reason that the
- simplest, and best understood, routing protocol should be modified to
- support it. At the same time, SIP-RIP will make use of many of the
- RIP-2 extensions.
-
-
- 2. Overview
-
- SIP-RIP is not a new version of IP RIP. It is a new protocol which
- will be run over its own UDP port. Despite that, the changes are
- only to the format of the routing entries within a routing packet,
- the basic manipulation of routes and the routing table remains
- unchanged.
-
- SIP-RIP makes use of most of the RIP-2 enhancements; only the route
- tag field has been omitted. The subnet mask has been replaced by a
- single byte which specifies the number of bits in the subnet mask,
- which therefore disallows the use of discontiguous subnet masks. The
- metric has been reduced to a single byte, but the maximum number of
- hops permitted is now 32 instead of 16. A new field, throughput
- class, has been added to characterize the links which are used by a
- route. The most important change, however, is the increase in the
- size of the address fields from 32 bits to 64 bits.
-
- SIP-RIP includes a loop control algorithm [5,6] which is not part of
- RIP-2. This algorithm makes SIP-RIP loop-free as it converges after
- a topology change, but it requires that each routing entry carry a
- First Hop field. The new field brings the size of an entry from 24
- to 32 bytes.
-
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- Malkin, Huitema Expires: 29Dec93 [Page 2]
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- Internet Draft SIP-RIP June 1993
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-
- 3. Protocol Design
-
- SIP-RIP will be run on UDP port ???. Periodic SIP-RIP responses will
- be sent to the SIP "all routers on this link" multicast address,
- 7F02:0000:0000:0002.
-
- 3.1 Packet Format
-
- IP RIP packets are limited to 25 routing entries which limits the
- maximum packet size to 512 bytes (including UDP header). This can
- cause unnecessary overhead on LANs with larger MTUs when there are
- more than 25 routes to be advertised. Since routing updates are not
- forwarded, there is no reason to artificially limit the maximum
- packet size. Therefore, the number of routing entries in any given
- SIP RIP update shall be governed by the MTU of the link over which
- the update is to be transmitted. For example, on an Ethernet there
- may be up to 45 entries in a single update (45 entries times 32 bytes
- per entry plus 4 bytes of RIP header plus 8 bytes of UDP header plus
- 20 bytes of IP header equals 1484 bytes).
-
- A SIP-RIP packet has the following format.
-
- 0 1 2 3 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Command (1) | Version (1) | Routing Domain (2) |
- +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
- | Type (1) | Mask Length(1)| TP Class (1) | Metric (1) |
- +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
- | SIP Address (8) |
- | |
- +---------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Next Hop (8) |
- | |
- +---------------------------------------------------------------+
- | First Hop (8) |
- | |
- +---------------------------------------------------------------+
-
- All fields are coded in SIP network byte order (big-endian).
-
- Command:
-
- 1 - request
- 2 - response
-
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- Internet Draft SIP-RIP June 1993
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-
- Version:
-
- 1 - SIP-RIP version 1
-
- Routing Domain:
-
- The Routing Domain (RD) number is the number of the routing
- process to which this update belongs. This field is used to
- associate the routing update to a specific routing process on the
- receiving router. The RD is needed to allow multiple, independent
- RIP "clouds" to co-exist on the same physical wire. This gives
- administrators the ability to run multiple, possibly parallel,
- instances of RIP in order to implement simple policy. This means
- that a router operating within one routing domain, or a set of
- routing domains, should ignore RIP packets which belong to another
- routing domain. RD 0 is the default routing domain.
-
- Type:
-
- 1 - Packet Authentication (see section 3.3)
- 2 - SIP Route
-
- Mask Length:
-
- The number of one bits in the address/subnet mask, moving left to
- right. The mask, when applied to the SIP address, yields the
- non-host portion of the address. Use of a mask length, rather
- than a complete mask, allows the SIP route entries to be smaller.
- The drawback, is that discontiguous masks cannot be specified.
-
- TP Class:
-
- The Throughput Class allows information about the bandwidth of the
- route to be propogated between routers. The throughput will be
- encoded with the following formula.
-
- INT(10 * log10(datarate_in_Kbps))
-
- There will be no negative Throughput Classes, so datarates under
- 1Kbps will have a Throughput Class of 0. The following table
- shows the Throughput Classes for a few common datarates.
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- Datarate TP Class Datarate TP Class
- ___________________ ___________________
- 1200bps 0 4Mbps 36
- 9600bps 9 10Mbps 40
- 19.2Kbps 12 16Mbps 42
- 56Kbps 17 45Mbps 46
- 115.2Kbps 20 100Mbps 50
- 1.544Mbps 31 1Gbps 60
-
- Of course, the maximum datarate that can be encoded in one byte is
- only 3,162,277,000,000,000,000Tbps.
-
- Metric:
-
- The number of hops to the destination. Infinity is 32.
-
- SIP Address:
-
- The SIP address of this routes destination.
-
- Next Hop:
-
- The immediate next hop SIP address to which packets to the
- destination specified by this route entry should be forwarded.
- Specifying a value of 0 in this field indicates that routing
- should be via the originator of the packet. An address specified
- as a next hop must, per force, be directly reachable on the
- logical subnet over which the advertisement is made.
-
- The Next Hop field has two purposes. The first purpose is to
- eliminate packets being routed through extra hops in the system.
- It is particularly useful when SIP-RIP is not being run on all of
- the routers on a network, as exampled in Appendix A. The second
- purpose is to enable the efficient creation of "reverse trees" for
- the routing of SIP multicast packets, as described in Appendix B.
-
- First Hop:
-
- The various routing entries determine a path between the local
- router and the destination. The First Hop field contains the SIP
- address of the last router on this route before reaching the
- destination. This information is used to prevent the formation of
- loops during the distributed computation of routes.
-
- 3.2 Prefered Route Determination
-
- The prefered route is determined by taking into account both the
- Throughput Class and the Metric according to the following rules.
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- 1- When a routing update is received, the Metric is incremented by 1
- and the Throughput Class is set to the minimum of:
-
- a) the received value decremented by 1, or zero if the received
- value was zero;
-
- b) the Throughput Class of the subnet over which the update was
- received.
-
- The effect of this rule is to diminish the throughput available
- from remote links. Only 80% of the link capacity appears
- available after one relay.
-
- 2- If the Metric has reached infinity, the route shall not be used.
-
- 3- When two routes have different Throughput Classes, the route with
- the larger Throughput Class value is considered to be the shorter,
- prefered route.
-
- 4- When two routes have equal Throughput Classes, the route with the
- lesser Metric is the shorter, prefered route.
-
- 3.3 Loop Control
-
- The First Hop field is initialized to a null value by the router that
- initiates the route. If a router receive a RIP message where the
- First Hop field is null, it fills it with "its own address";
- otherwise, the field will be propagated unchanged. It is important,
- for the loop detection to work, that the router picks exactly one of
- its IP addresses, and always use this same address, to fill the First
- Hop field. It is also essential that the router propagates one route
- that leads exactly to this IP address.
-
- The absence of a loop in a given route can be checked for by using
- the algorithm presented in [5] and [6], which uses the First Hop
- field. For example, suppose that a host, L, wants to propagate a
- route, R, to its neighbor, N. Let H be the address of the first hop
- for route R. The loop detection algorithm can be executed by the
- following pseudo-code.
-
- while (H != L) {
- if (H == N)
- return (LOOP_DETECTED);
- Find R, the route towards H.
- Let H be the first hop of the route R.
- }
- return (ROUTE_IS_SANE);
-
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- If a loop is detected, the metric of the route should be set to
- infinity.
-
- There is a problem with this algorithm in the case of broadcast
- networks where the SIP-RIP routes will be multicast to several
- neighbors at the same time. One simple resolution is to check the
- route information received from broadcast networks, setting N to the
- address of the local router and L to the address of the router that
- sent the SIP-RIP message.
-
- One current practice within autonomous systems is to aggregate
- routes; that is, propagating only one route with a prefix of "01101"
- after receiving two different routes with prefixes of "011010" and
- "011011". This form of aggregation is incompatible with the loop
- control algorithm, as the two aggregated routes have different First
- Hops. One way to maintain the loop control property of the algorithm
- and also allow aggregation is to organize the autonomous systems as a
- collection of areas, and to only authorize aggregations of routes
- "coming out of the same area".
-
- 3.4 Authentication
-
- The authentication mechanism is similar to that used in RIP-2. If
- the Type field of the first (and ONLY the first) entry in the packet
- is type 1, then the remainder of the 20 byte entry is interpreted as
- a packet authentication. This means that there can be, at most, 24
- RIP entries in the remainder of the packet. If authentication is not
- in use, then no entries in the packet should have an Type field value
- of 1.
-
- The beginning of a packet with an authentication entry has the
- following format.
-
- 0 1 2 3 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Command (1) | Version (1) | Routing Domain (2) |
- +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
- | Type = 1 | Authtype (1) | reserved (2) |
- +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
- ~ Authentication (16) ~
- +---------------------------------------------------------------+
-
- Currently, the only Authentication Type is simple password and it is
- type 2. The Authentication field contains the plain text password.
- If the password is under 16 bytes, it must be left-justified and
- padded to the right with nulls (0x00). A password is not null
- terminated; it is 16 bytes long.
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- 4. Security Considerations
-
- SIP-RIP uses the same authentication mechanism as RIP-2. The
- authentication types are described in section 3.4
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- Appendix A
-
- Use of SIP-RIP Next Hop to eliminate extra hops
-
- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
- |IR1| |IR2| |IR3| |XR1| |XR2| |XR3|
- --+-- --+-- --+-- --+-- --+-- --+--
- | | | | | |
- --+-------+-------+---------------+-------+-------+--
- ^------------SIP-RIP------------^
-
- Assume that IR1, IR2, and IR3 are all "internal" routers which are
- under one administration (e.g. a campus) which has elected to use SIP
- RIP as its IGP. XR1, XR2, and XR3, on the other hand, are under
- separate administration (e.g. a regional network, of which the campus
- is a member) and are using some other routing protocol (e.g. OSPF).
- XR1, XR2, and XR3 exchange routing information among themselves such
- that they know that the best routes to networks N1 and N2 are via
- XR1, to N3, N4, and N5 are via XR2, and to N6 and N7 are via XR3. By
- setting the Next Hop field correctly (to XR2 for N3/N4/N5, to XR3 for
- N6/N7), only XR1 need exchange SIP-RIP routes with IR1/IR2/IR3 for
- routing to occur without additional hops through XR1. Without the
- Next Hop it would be necessary for XR2 and XR3 to also participate in
- the SIP-RIP protocol to eliminate extra hops.
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- Appendix B
-
- Use of SIP-RIP Next Hop for multicast routing
-
- Multicast routing is based on "reverse routes". A multicast packet
- from originator "O" received from subnet "S1" should only be
- propagated on subnet "S2" if:
-
- 1- The scope of the multicast address authorizes this relaying [3],
-
- 2- The information obtained through SGMP [4] mentions that the
- multicast address is "of interest" on subnet "S2", and
-
- 3- A packet bound for the address "O" would have been routed through
- subnet "S1".
-
- The route calculated by SIP-RIP can be used to implement the third
- condition. However, this condition is not sufficient to prevent
- duplicate delivery when several routers are present on subnet "S2";
- one must also analyze the "next hop" information received from these
- routers.
-
- 1- If the local router would not advertise on "S2" a null next hop
- for the route leading to "O" through "S2", it should not propagate
- the multicast packet.
-
- 2- If several routers advertise a null next hop for the route leading
- to "O" on "S2", only the router with the lesser SIP address shall
- propagate the multicast packet.
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-
- References
-
- [1] Hedrick, C., "Routing Information Protocol", Request For Comments
- 1058, Rutgers University, June 1988.
-
- [2] Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2 - Carrying Additional Information",
- Request For Comments 1388, Xylogics, Inc., January, 1993.
-
- [3] Deering, S., "Simple Internet Protocol (SIP) Specification",
- draft-deering-sip-00.txt, Xerox PARC, November 1992.
-
- [4] Davin, J., J.D. Case, M. Fedor, M.L. Schoffstall, "Simple Gateway
- Monitoring Protocol", Request For Comments 1028, November 1987.
-
- [5] Cheng, C., R. Riley, S. Kumar, J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "A Loop-
- Free Extended Bellman-Ford Routing Protocol Without Bouncing
- Effect", ACM Sigcomm'89 symposium, September 1989.
-
- [6] Rajagopalan, B., M. Faiman, "A New Responsive Distributed
- Shortest-Path Routing Algorithm", ACM Sigcomm'89 symposium,
- September 1989.
-
- Authors' Addresses
-
- Gary Scott Malkin
- Xylogics, Inc.
- 53 Third Avenue
- Burlington, MA 01803
-
- Phone: (617) 272-8140
- EMail: gmalkin@Xylogics.COM
-
-
- Christian Huitema
- INRIA
- 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93
- 06902 Sophia-Antipolis, France
-
- Phone: +33 93 65 77 15
- EMail: Christian.Huitema@sophia.inria.fr
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